How To Check Gun Registration

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Firearm legal topics of the
United States of America
  1. How To Check Gun Registration Online

Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition. State laws (and the laws of the District of Columbia and of the U.S. territories) vary considerably, and are independent of existing federal firearms laws, although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws.

State level laws vary significantly in their form, content, and level of restriction. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.[1][2] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.[3]

Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in, and not exclusively their state of residence. Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations, such as with regard to concealed carry permits. These are recognized on a state-by-state basis. For example, Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit, but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit. Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms, but others license only the concealed carry of firearms. Some states do not recognize out-of-state permits to carry a firearm at all, so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun.[4]

In many cases, state firearms laws can be considerably less restrictive than federal firearms laws. This does not confer any de jure immunity against prosecution for violations of the federal laws. However, state and local police departments are not legally obligated to enforce federal gun law as per the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Printz v. United States.[5][6]

Private Sales Restrictions and Gun Registration. Thursday, January 17, 2013 Support NRA-ILA. Anyone who purchases a firearm from a dealer must pass a NICS check.

  • Re: Gun Registration Check All gun thefts should be reported, even if you don't have the serial numbers. At least then there will be documentation of the theft.
  • The federal Gun Control Act of 1968 mandated that all firearms have a serial number and that everyone who buys a gun fill out federal Form 4473. The form records the name, address, driver’s license information and background check information of the buyer as.
  • 53US Territories

Common subjects of state laws[edit]

Firearm related matters that are often regulated by state or local laws include the following:

  • Some states and localities require that a person obtain a license or permit in order to purchase or possess firearms.
  • Some states and localities require that individual firearms be registered with the police or with another law enforcement agency.
  • All states allow some form of concealed carry, the carrying of a concealed firearm in public.
  • Many states allow some form of open carry, the carrying of an unconcealed firearm in public on one's person or in a vehicle.
  • Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws, which means that only the state can legally regulate firearms. In other states, local governments can pass their own gun laws more restrictive than those of the state.
  • Some states and localities place additional restrictions on certain semi-automatic firearms that they have defined as assault weapons, or on magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition.
  • NFA weapons are weapons that are heavily restricted at a federal level by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. These include automatic firearms (such as machine guns), short-barreled shotguns, and short-barreled rifles. Some states and localities place additional restrictions on such weapons.
  • Some states have enacted castle doctrine or stand-your-ground laws, which provide a legal basis for individuals to use deadly force in self-defense in certain situations, without a duty to flee or retreat if possible.
  • In some states, peaceable journey laws give additional leeway for the possession of firearms by travelers who are passing through to another destination.
  • Some states require a background check of the buyer when a firearm is sold by a private party. (Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed gun dealers, and for any interstate sales.)
  • Some states have enacted red flag laws that enable a judge to issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who presents an imminent threat to others or to themselves.

Alabama[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesAlabama is a shall-issue state for concealed carry. However, the issuing county sheriff can suspend or even revoke concealed carry privileges for wanton disregard of the law.[7]
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted, but handgun must be securely contained in a holster (belt, inside-the-waist, ankle, or shoulder). However, open carry in a vehicle without a concealed carry license is prohibited. As of August 1, 2013, the law states that: 'It shall be a rebuttable presumption that the mere carrying of a visible pistol, holstered or secured, in public place, in and of itself, is not disorderly conduct.'
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes'..the Legislature hereby occupies and preempts the entire field of regulation in this state touching in any way upon firearms, ammunition, and firearm accessories.'
Assault weapon law?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoAny Other Weapons (AOWs) disguised as walking canes are the only illegal firearms in Alabama.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo
How To Check Gun Registration

Alaska[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNoneNo
Firearm registration?NoNoNoneNo
Assault weapon law?NoNoNoneNo
Owner license required?NoNoNoneNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoAS 18.65.700 through 18.65.778May carry concealed without permit, though permits can be issued for those who wish to have them.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without permit/license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesAS 29.35.145Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to, and provide the same penalty as, State law.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoNoneNo
Shall Certify?YesYesAS 18.65.810Shall certify within 30 days.
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Arizona[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration required?NoNoARS 13-3101(B)State law requires compliance with the National Firearms Act, but the state maintains no registry and imposes no additional requirements.
Assault weapon prohibition or restrictions?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoSB 1108In Arizona, a person over age 21 may legally carry a concealed firearm or deadly weapon without a permit within the state, except for certain prohibited locations, and must disclose the fact to a law enforcement officer if questioned. Although no longer required, a shall-issue CCW permit is still available and has certain advantages, including reciprocity with many other states having CCW laws.[8]
Permit required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without permit/license. Must be at least 18 years old to open carry.
State preemption of local restrictions?PartialPartialARS 13-3108Explained below
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoARS 13-3101Law makes possession and use illegal but then exempts said weapons and devices if they're registered in compliance with federal law.
Shall certify?YesYesARS 13-3121Shall certify within 60 days.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoOn May 1, 2017, Governor Ducey signed a bill that would prevent localities from requiring background checks for private sales.[9]
Lose Right to Possession Indefinitely under Mental Health laws?YesYesARS 36-540; ARS 13-925[10]A person found persistently or acutely disabled or a danger to self or to others automatically becomes a prohibited firearm possessor indefinitely, with notification to the Arizona Dept. of Public Safety. Restoration of gun possession rights requires the court-ordered individual to petition to restore his/her rights, and provide clear and convincing evidence from a psychiatrist willing to testify to all of the following: 1) the person is no longer a danger to others or persistently and acutely disabled, 2) that the circumstances that led to the original order, adjudication or finding are no longer in effect, 3) that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety, and 4) that restoring the patient's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest. The burden of proof (clear and convincing evidence) is on the court-ordered person, not the state.

Arkansas[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/ANo5-73-301 - 5-73-320Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit.[11]

Shall-Issue. The Arkansas State Police issue and recognize the Arkansas Concealed Handgun Carry License, as do states that have existing reciprocity with Arkansas.

Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges, most public buildings, non-secure locations in an airport, churches, and more.[12][13]

License required for open carry?NoNo5-73-120May open carry without license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYes5-73-120
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo5-73-205All NFA items allowed if in compliance with Federal law.

Machine guns may not have ammunition .30 in. or 7.63 mm or bigger unless the gun is registered to an ammunition corporation.

Shall Certify?YesYes5-73-112Shall certify within 15 days. With the enactment of 41F/P on July 13, 2016 the need for 'Shall Certify' legislation has essentially been negated.
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYes5-73-120 (c)(4)Weapons are allowed if the person is carrying a weapon when upon a journey, unless the journey is through a commercial airport when presenting at the security checkpoint in the airport or is in the person's checked baggage and is not a lawfully declared weapon. 'Journey' is defined as 'travel beyond the county in which a person lives.' (5-73-120(B)(3))
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

California[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant Statutes (Penal Code except when noted)Notes
State permit required to purchase?PartialPartial§26500 All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer. Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military, honorably retired military, or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830. Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm. The Firearms Safety Certificate can be purchased and completed at firearms dealers with DOJ instructors on the same day, differentiating it from a FOID or FID card system where one has to apply with the local police and await approval. Must be 21 to purchase any firearm.[14] An exemption is made for those 18-20 years old who possess a valid hunting license to purchase long guns.
Firearm registration?YesYes§28150The California Department of Justice ('DOJ') retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in-state firearm sales and transfers, and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ.[15] Furthermore, the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee, and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state, pursuant to §11106.[16] All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice's Automated Firearms System, along with those of many long guns. While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement, §12025 and §12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice's Automated Firearms System. New residents must register handguns (purchased outside of California) with DOJ within 60 days. As of January 1, 2014, long gun serial numbers are also recorded, whereas previously only the sale was recorded. However, it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an unregistered firearm.
Owner license required?NoNoNoneWhile the Firearm Safety Certificate is required for new purchases of firearms, ongoing possession of a firearm does not require a license or permit.[17] People moving into California are required, within 60 days, to file a New Resident Report of Firearm Ownership.[18][19] New residents are prohibited from importing assault weapons or any other weapons prohibited by California law regardless of whether they were lawfully acquired and possessed in the residents' prior state of residence.[20] The ban on importing large-capacity magazines was ruled unconstitutional[21] but the ruling is on hold while the case is under appeal.[22]
Assault weapon law?YesYes§30500, §30515Illegal to possess, import, or purchase assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles, unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1, 1989. While California's Assault Weapons Law does allow individuals who hold a Dangerous Weapons Permit to obtain, transport or possess defined assault weapons, the DOJ generally does not issue Dangerous Weapons Permits to ordinary citizens. Legally defined assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered. Their sale and transfer is prohibited. Military look-alike rifles that are not chambered for .50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess, with some restrictions in configuration – known as 'banned features'. Active-duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally-owned assault weapons into the state. The military member's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons, and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member's Permanent Change of Station (PCS) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander.

With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016, the state's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center-fire rifles and shotguns that have a 'bullet button' detachable magazine; effectively repealing a prior law that made 'bullet button' magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines. The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited, effective January 1, 2017. Those purchased prior to January 1, 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018. The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded, the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website.[23]

Magazine capacity restriction?YesYes§32310

Section 32310 of the Penal Code states that any person who manufactures or causes to be manufactured, imports into the state, keeps for sale, or offers or exposes for sale, or who gives, lends, buys, receives, or assembles any large-capacity magazine from a parts kit is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment. Thus, the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor.[24] Meas soksophea song. Large-capacity is defined as being able to hold more than 10 rounds. In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63. The referendum outlaws the possession of such magazines, requires background checks for all ammunition sales and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms.[25] Under Proposition 63, mere possession of a large-capacity magazine is punishable as a misdemeanor with a $100 fine or an infraction with a $100 fine. This prohibition applies to magazines acquired prior to January 1, 2000 that were previously considered 'grandfathered.'[26] Importation, manufacture, lending, assembling a large-capacity magazine from a parts kit, or buying a large-capacity magazine remains chargeable as a felony or a misdemeanor.[27]

On June 29, 2017, a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63's ban on the possession of large-capacity magazines, pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban. Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and/or the ban is upheld by the courts.[28][29] On March 29, 2019, the entire large-capacity magazine law was blocked permanently by the district court; this includes the ban on possession, in addition to the ban on manufacturing, importing, selling, etc.[21][30] Following a stay request from Attorney General, Judge Benitez allowed the ban on manufacture, import, and sale of large-capacity magazines to be enforced while keeping in place the injunction against the enforcement of the ban on possession of previously legal large-capacity magazines, including all purchases made between the entry of the Court’s injunction on March 29, 2019 and April 5, 2019, 5:00 p.m.[31]

License required for concealed carry?N/AYes§26150'May issue,' depending on jurisdiction. County sheriff's or local Police Chief's discretion, many counties are de facto 'no-issue', while others are 'shall-issue' in practice. CCW permits valid statewide. Out-of-state permits not valid in California. California's may-issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding.[32]
Open carry allowed?PartialPartial§26350Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance. In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents, a permit to carry a handgun 'loaded and exposed' may be issued by the county sheriff, valid only in the issuing county. A person may also open carry if he or she 'reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate, grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property.'[33]
Vehicle carry?NoYes§25610A valid California Concealed Weapons License is required to carry a concealed handgun in a motor vehicle. Otherwise, handguns and assault rifles must be unloaded and locked in a case during transport. Long guns not classified as assault rifles may be transported in a vehicle without being locked in a case, but must be unloaded.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes§53701 Government CodeMost but not all local restrictions preempted.
Castle doctrine law?YesYesCalifornia never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not. The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYes§12220, §12020, §12020Possession of automatic weapons or short-barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ 'Dangerous Weapons Permit'; permission rarely granted outside of film industry. Suppressors (aka silencers) prohibited. Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics, in which case a collectors permit can be obtained. The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel. C&R short-barreled rifles and C&R short-barrled shotguns permitted.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoCalifornia courts have ruled that large-capacity magazines (LCM) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess. Otherwise federal rules are observed.
Waiting period?YesYes§26815(a)[1], §26950-27140 [2], §27540(a) [3],

§27600-27750 [4]

California has a ten (10) day waiting period for all firearm purchases, transfers, and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder. That is, upon purchase, the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner.

On August 25, 2014, the California's 10-day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that 'the 10-day waiting periods of Penal Code [sections 26815(a) and 27540(a)] violate the Second Amendment' as applied to members of certain classifications (notably holders of concealed carry permits) and 'burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs'.[34] On December 14, 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.[35] The plaintiffs' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4, 2017; on February 20, 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied, meaning that the waiting period remains in effect.[36]

Background checks required for private sales?YesYes§ 27545Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale.
Red flag law?YesYesThe police or a person's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others.

Colorado[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNoDRMC § 38-130Denver ordinance bans assault weapons. Vail banned assault weapons in 1994.[37] Boulder passed such an ordinance in May 2018.[38]
Magazine Capacity Restriction?YesYesCRS §§ 18-12-302, 18-12-303 After July 1, 2013, magazines holding more than 15 rounds may not be sold, transferred, or possessed unless they were lawfully owned prior to July 1, 2013. Firearms with a tubular magazine which are either chambered in .22 rimfire or operated by lever action are exempt from this regulation, as are magazines 'permanently altered' to limit the capacity to 15 or less. Boulder passed an ordinance in May 2018 banning magazines holding more than 10 rounds.[38] Vail banned magazines holding 21 or more rounds in 1994.[39]
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesCRS § 18-12-203Colorado is a shall issue state for concealed carry. Permits are issued by local sheriff offices to county residents.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoCRS § 18-12;
DRMC §§ 38-117(b), 38-118
Legal without permit requirements except in Denver and other posted areas.
Concealed within a vehicle?YesYesCRS §§ 18-12-105(2b), 33-6-125;
DRMC §§ 38-117(f), 38-118, 14-92
No permit is required. Pistols may be carried with chamber and magazine loaded. Rifles and shotguns must be carried with an empty chamber, but the magazine may be loaded.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesCRS § 29-11.7-103Local ordinances are preempted by state law, but Denver bans assault weapons and open carry.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoCRS § 18-12-102NFA items are defined as a 'dangerous weapon'. Subsection 5: 'It shall be an affirmative defense to the charge of possessing a dangerous weapon..that said person has a valid permit and license for possession of such weapon.'
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYesCRS § 18-12-105.6; DRMC §§ 38-117(f), 38-118Denver's restrictions on transport/possession of firearms in vehicles do not apply to persons traveling to or from other jurisdictions; see Trinen v. City & County of Denver, 53 P.3d 754
Castle Doctrine?YesYesCRS § 18-1-704.5A legal resident of a property has the right to use deadly force to defend themselves, other occupants, and property from armed or unarmed intruders.
Stand Your Ground Law?NoNo
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesCRS § 18-12-112For private party transfers of firearms, the seller must request that a licensed dealer perform a background check of the buyer, and must get approval of the transfer from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation. Transfers of antique firearms, bona-fide gifts or loans from immediate family members, and transfers to estate executors or trustees are exempt. Temporary transfers are strictly regulated.
Red flag law?YesYesHB 19-1177The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others, and then get a court order afterwards.

Connecticut[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?YesYesCGS 29-33(b),
CGS 29–36(f), CGS 29-38m(c)
Certificate of Eligibility for Pistol and Revolvers or Long Guns or Ammunition required to purchase handguns, long guns or ammunition, respectively or a State Permit to Carry Pistols and Revolvers to purchase any of the above. Applicants must complete an approved safety course, and pass a National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) background check and mental health records check prior to issuance of certificate. Certificates of Eligibility are granted on a Shall-Issue basis to qualified applicants, and are valid for five years. There is a 14-day waiting period for the purchase of long guns, with exceptions for peace officers, Active-Duty military members, and holders of carry permits. With the passing of Public Act 13-3, hunting licenses (which take approximately 12 hours to complete versus the eight hours the NRA Basic Pistol Course takes) may no longer be used to purchase ammunition or long rifles. Long guns and ammunition purchased outside of Connecticut are not subject to the long gun and ammunition eligibility requirements (even if one is a CT resident) other than the two-week waiting period must be observed for long gun transfers out of state, unless one has a valid hunting license or carry permit.
Firearm registration?PartialPartialCGS 53–202Registration required for assault weapons purchased between September 13, 1994 and April 1, 2014 and for machine guns obtained before January 1, 2014.

There is a de facto registry of the sale (including the serial numbers) of handguns and long guns purchased in state that is maintained by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP). Any transfer, be it from a dealer or private party, must be accompanied by an authorization number issued by the DESPP and a form containing personal and weapon identification (DPS-3-C) must be submitted to DESPP and local police. This form is collected and maintained on all guns purchased from FFL dealers as well. The DPS-3-C form is not required for long gun transfers made out of state, and there is no legal requirement/penalty to register firearms purchased out of state or lawfully obtained before April 1, 2014.

Assault weapon law?YesYesCGS 53–202Partial ban. Selective fire weapons, some .50 BMG variants, and semiautomatic center-fire firearms with one defined feature; banned weapons lawfully possessed prior to this date must be registered with DESPP. Registered weapons may only be sold or transferred to a licensed gun dealer, to the State Police or local police department, transferred to a recipient outside of Connecticut, or bequeathed to a designated heir when the original owner/registrant becomes deceased. Assault weapons manufactured and lawfully obtained prior to September 13, 1994 no longer require registration with DESPP and may be sold or transferred to non-prohibited persons.[40] Exceptions exist for active and retired law enforcement and military members.
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYes53-202wAs of April 4, 2013, magazines holding more than 10 rounds are considered Large Capacity Magazines (LCM), and such magazines manufactured after that date may not be sold or transferred within the state. Existing owners of LCMs may possess such magazines if they declare and register them with the DESPP before January 1, 2014; Owners of registered LCMs may not load such magazines with more than 10 rounds except when inside the owner's home or on the premises of a licensed shooting range. Even if an individual has a permit to carry a pistol or revolver, they can never carry, other than at a shooting range, a pistol that has an LCM loaded with more than 10 bullets. Possessing an unregistered Large Capacity Magazine obtained prior to the ban's effective date is an infraction with a $90 fine for the first offense, and a Class D felony (punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or $5,000 fine) for subsequent offenses. Unlawfully possessing a LCM obtained after the effective date of the ban is a Class D felony.
Owner license required?NoNoCGS 23-37a(b)No license/permit is required to own any firearm/ammunition in Connecticut, except for grandfathered assault weapons manufactured and obtained between September 13, 1994 and April 4, 2013.
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesCGS 29–28Shall-Issue, with Limited Discretion. Connecticut's pistol permit law specifies that issuing authorities May-Issue pistol permits to qualified applicants, but the state's courts have generally ruled that permits must be granted on a Shall-Issue basis to applicants meeting the state's qualifications for a pistol permit, as Connecticut does not require an applicant to 'show good cause' for needing a permit. Issuing local authorities have limited discretion to deny a permit when he or she has personal knowledge of the applicant's character that would not otherwise be reflected on a background check. A denial on this basis would have to be justified with supporting evidence showing that the applicant is not of 'suitable' character to be granted a pistol permit, but virtually all cases are thrown out if the applicant is not otherwise barred from owning firearms.

Connecticut has a two-step permitting process: a 60-day Temporary permit issued by local authorities and a 5-year Regular permit issued by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP). Issuance of a Temporary permit is technically not a prerequisite to apply for a Regular permit, but in practice an applicant must await a decision from local authorities on the temporary permit application before applying to DESPP for the Regular permit. If the local permit is denied for any reason, instead one files an appeal to DESPP to have the state board re-examine the application. If the state board denies the permit (rare occurrence), a court appeal is possible. Permit needed to carry open or concealed. Exceptions for peace officers and Active-Duty military members. Out of state permits not valid in Connecticut, but non-residents may apply for a Connecticut non-resident carry permit through the mail. Non-residents must have a carry permit issued by a United States jurisdiction to apply.

Permit required for open carry?NoYesConnecticut is a Licensed Open Carry state. A Connecticut Permit to Carry Pistols or Revolvers allows the carry of handguns openly or concealed any place in the state that is not considered 'off-limits' under state law. Despite this, local law enforcement have been known[citation needed] to detain carriers. There have been very few actual arrests and no convictions in recent history as a result of carrying unconcealed however. State law is silent on the open carry of long guns in public either with or without a permit, although some municipalities have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the practice. Various towns and the state police as well have articulated through training memos that open carry is legal and to not harass people who carry openly without some other cause.[41]
Vehicle carry permitted?NoYesA valid Connecticut pistol permit is required to carry a loaded weapon in a vehicle. Otherwise, the weapon must be unloaded and the firearm its ammunition must be stored in separate locked containers during transport.
Duty to inform?NoNoConnecticut is not a duty to inform state. Those who are carrying a pistol or revolver must carry their permit with them.
Castle Doctrine?YesYesNo duty to retreat if you are in your home or on property owned by yourself. There is no 'stand your ground law' but, courts have granted civil immunity to those with carry permits and used 'reasonable force' in the past.
State preemption of local restrictions?PartialYesCGS 29–28State pre-emption of local ordinances not explicitly specified in state law, but established by court precedence. Most municipalities have ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms outside of firing ranges or designated hunting areas during hunting seasons. Some municipalities have restrictions or bans on carrying long guns in public places. The City of New London and the City of New Britain previously had ordinances that forbade open carry of handguns, which have since been repealed in both cities.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoCGS 53–202(c)SBR, SBS, DD, suppressors are legal, provided they also comply with the assault weapons provisions, unless purchased before October 1, 1993. Machine guns are legal if purchased and registered with the state before January 1, 2014. Non-selective fire machine guns may be transferred to another resident within Connecticut.
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoCGS 29–38Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesPrivate party firearm transfers require that a background check of the buyer be performed by a federally licensed dealer.
Red flag law?YesYesState law allows police, after investigating and determining probable cause, to get a court warrant and seize guns from anyone posing an imminent risk of harming himself or someone else.

Delaware[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYes11 Del.C. § 1441Delaware is a officially 'may issue' state for concealed carry, but mostly shall-issue in practice. Permits are generally issued to all applicants not barred from owning a firearm.[42]
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry without permit is generally lawful. A 2014 Delaware Supreme Court ruling recognized that open carry was a long standing fundamental right, and could only be prohibited by local ordinances in effect prior to July 4, 1985. The city of Dover formerly required a permit from the police chief for a state concealed permit to open carry, but this was repealed in October 2015 in accordance with the ruling.
State preemption of local restrictions?Yes*Yes*22 Del.C § 111Municipalities may regulate only the discharge of firearms and the possession of firearms within police stations and municipal buildings, unless the ordinance was in effect prior to July 4, 1985.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesSBRs and AOWs are legal. The city of Wilmington prohibits possession of SBRs within city limits. Machine guns, suppressors, Destructive Devices and SBS are prohibited for civilians.[43]
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYes147th General Assembly: Chapter 20Private party transfers of firearms to persons other than family members must be conducted though a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale. A transfer to a person who possesses a valid License to Carry a Concealed Deadly Weapon is exempt from this requirement.
Red flag law?YesYesHouse Bill 302 (2018)If a mental health professional deems that a person is a danger to themselves or to others, the police may get a court order to temporarily seize that person's firearms.

District of Columbia[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesYesThe firearm registration process also serves as a permitting process.
Owner license required?YesYesThe firearm registration process also serves as a licensing process.
Firearm registration?YesYesAll firearms except certain black powder firearms, must be registered with the Metropolitan Police Department. A background check and online training are required.
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesThe Metropolitan Police Department shall issue a License to Carry a Handgun to a qualified applicant.
Open carry allowed?NoNoOpen carry is prohibited.
Assault weapon law?YesYesAssault weapons and .50 BMG rifles prohibited.
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYesIllegal to possess magazines of more than 10 round capacity.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesAutomatic firearms, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal law (FOPA) applies.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesDC Code §7–2505.02Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale. This only applies to sales made within the District of Columbia. Sales made by DC firearms owners outside of the District of Columbia must only conform to that state's transfer laws.
Waiting period?YesYesAfter purchasing a firearm, the buyer must wait ten days before taking possession of the gun.

Florida[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoF.S. 790.065 (13)The sale or transfer of a firearm to a person younger than 21 years of age may not be made or facilitated by a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer.

The prohibitions of this subsection do not apply to the purchase of a rifle or shotgun by a law enforcement officer or correctional officer, or a servicemember.

Firearm registration?NoNoF.S. 790.335It is a felony under Florida law to create, maintain or publish any list, record or registry of legally owned firearms or law-abiding firearm owners.
Owner license required?NoNoNone
Assault weapon law?NoNoNone
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNoNone
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesF.S. 790.06Allows concealed possession of handguns, electronic weapons or devices, tear gas guns, knives, or billies, but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06(1).
Open carry allowed?NoNoF.S. 790.053Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities. Exceptions include in the home, place of work, hunting, fishing, camping, or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesF.S. 790.33See Preemption section below
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoF.S. 790.161Making, possessing, throwing, projecting, or discharging any destructive device, or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida.
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Duty to inform?NoNoNoneFlorida law does not require one to disclose one's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoNone
Red flag law?YesYesF.S. 790.401The police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.
Waiting period?YesYesF.S. 790.0655The mandatory waiting period is 3 days, excluding weekends and legal holidays, or expires upon the completion of the records checks, whichever occurs later.

Individual counties can require a waiting period of up to five days. (Florida Constitution Article VIII Section 5(b))

This requirement is waived for holders of a Florida Concealed Weapon license.[44]

Georgia[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNone
Firearm registration?NoNoNone
Assault weapon law?NoNoNone
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNoNone
Owner license required?NoNoNone
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesO.C.G.A § 16-11-129Concealed or open carry allowed with permit. See also O.C.G.A § 43–38–10 which is a special permit for armed security guards.
Permit required for open carry?YesYesO.C.G.A § 16-11-126Open carry of handguns allowed with a license issued under O.C.G.A § 16-11-129.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesO.C.G.A § 16-11-173Despite state preemption, several localities continue to have local gun restrictions. Recent court rulings have resulted in many of these ordinances being withdrawn.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoNone
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoNone

Hawaii[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?YesYes
Firearm registration?YesYesHRS 0134-0002, HRS 0134-0003Must be registered with county police chief within 5 days of purchase or arrival to Hawaii. Registration not required for black powder and pre-1899 firearms.
Assault weapon law?NoYesLaw bans assault pistols with two or more banned features. Does not apply to rifles or shotguns with a barrel length greater than 16 inches
Magazine capacity restriction?NoYesHRS134-8(c)

HRS134-11(3)

Any magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds that can be inserted into a pistol is prohibited. Members of organizations are exempt from the pistol magazine limit at places of target shooting.
Owner license required?NoNoNo license required to own any firearms in Hawaii, but all firearms, including those brought into the state by new residents, must be registered.
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesHRS 0134-0009May-Issue by statute, but No-Issue in practice. The chief of police may grant a permit 'in an exceptional case, when an applicant shows reason to fear injury to the applicant's person or property.' In practice, Hawaii is 'No-Issue,' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits. In March 2014, the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals has ruled Hawaii's restrictive concealed carry policy unconstitutional. An en banc panel reversed the initial ruling in June 2015, holding that the Constitution guarantees no right to concealed carry in public.
Permit required for open carry?YesYesBy law, Hawaii is a Licensed Open Carry State, but since licenses are rarely issued, the state is Non-Permissive for open carry in practice. The chief of police may grant a permit 'Where the urgency or the need has been sufficiently indicated' provided that the person 'is engaged in the protection of life and property.' In practice, Hawaii is 'No-Issue,' as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits.

On July 24, 2018, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Hawaii's laws restricting open carry are unconstitutional.[45] That ruling was vacated on February 8, 2019 and the case is scheduled to be heard en banc.[46]

No laws against open carrying long guns.

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State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesMunicipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to, and provide the same penalty as, state law.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesMachine guns, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers/suppressors are prohibited from the average citizen. Certain Destructive Devices and AOWs are allowed with proper tax stamp and NFA paperwork from the ATF.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal laws observed.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesHRS §134-2A person who wants to purchase a handgun or long gun must obtain a permit to acquire the ownership of a firearm, which requires a background check of the applicant.

Idaho[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoIdaho 18-3302May carry concealed when outside the confines of a city or city limits, and inside a vehicle while engaged in a lawful outdoor activity. As of July 1, 2016, permitless concealed carry within cities is also legal for Idaho residents 21 years and older and active military. Effective July 1, 2019 the minimum age will be lowered to 18.[47][48] Permitless carry will also be expanded to any weapon.[49] Nonresidents still need a permit to carry concealed within city limits.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without a permit in a vehicle or on foot.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesCities May regulate the discharge of firearms within their confines or limits.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPermitted as long as such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Illinois[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?YesYes430 ILCS 65FOID (Firearm Owner's Identification card) required.
Owner permit required?YesYes430 ILCS 65FOID required.
Firearm registration?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesPublic Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry ActShall-issue with limited discretion.[50] Concealed carry licenses are issued by the state police. Licenses issued by other states are not recognized, but nonresidents from states with 'substantially similar' licensing requirements can apply for an Illinois nonresident license.
Open carry allowed?NoNo720 ILCS 5/24
Vehicle carry allowed?NoYesPublic Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry ActAn Illinois concealed carry license is required for Illinois residents. Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if they are eligible to carry in their home state.
State preemption of local restrictions?PartialPartialPublic Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry ActPreemption for the regulation and transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Preemption for laws regulating assault weapons, unless enacted before July 20, 2013.
Assault weapon law?NoNoCook Co. Code of Ord. §54-211
Chi. Mun. Code §8-20-170
Cook County and the city of Chicago have separately banned the possession of assault weapons, as have several Chicago suburbs, prior to the preemption deadline of July 20, 2013.
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNoNo state-level restrictions. Some local jurisdictions have enacted various magazine capacity restrictions.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYes720 ILCS 5/24
720 ILCS 5/24-2
Automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors prohibited. Short-barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group. AOW (Any Other Weapon) and large-bore DD (Destructive Device) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF.
Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws?PartialPartial720 ILCS 5Illinois has no stand-your-ground law, however there is also no duty to retreat. The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary 'to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony.' There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling.
Peaceable journey laws?PartialYesPublic Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry ActIllinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state. Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card. Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYes430 ILCS 65The seller must verify the buyer's FOID card with the Illinois State Police, and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years.
Red flag law?YesYesPublic Act 100-0607: Firearms Restraining Order Act
430 ILCS 65
Family members or police can petition a judge to issue an order to confiscate the firearms of a person deemed an immediate and present danger to themselves or others. The person's firearms must be returned to them within six months unless the court finds grounds to renew the suspension. Additionally, under certain circumstances the Illinois State Police can revoke the FOID of a person who has been determined to be a clear and present danger to themselves or to others.
Waiting period?YesYesPublic Act 100-0606After purchasing a firearm, the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 72 hours.

Indiana[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNone
Firearm registration?NoNoNone
Assault weapon law?NoNoNone
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNoNone
Owner license required?NoNoNone
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesIC 35-47-2-3Shall-Issue. Officially 'License to Carry Handgun', which covers concealed and open carry.

As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[51]

As of July 1, 2020, there will be no fee for a five year license; $50 for lifetime licenses.[52]

License required for open carry?No[53]YesIC 35-47-2-3May carry handgun openly with license.

On May 9, 2017, the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun (in order to verify that they are licensed) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed.[54]

Vehicle carry?YesYesIC 35-47-2-3May carry in a vehicle with license.[55]
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesIC 35-47-11.1-2Enacted in 2011
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoIC 35-47-5-10Federal laws observed.
Shall certify?YesYesShall certify within 15 days.[56]
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Castle Doctrine law?YesYesIC 35-41-3-2No duty to retreat from dwelling, curtilage, or occupied motor vehicle. No duty to retreat when defending against imminent unlawful force regardless of location.
Duty to inform?NoNoIC 35-47-2-24Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoNone
Red flag law?YesYesIC35-47-14-6(b)The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others, and then get a court order afterwards.

Iowa[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYes724.28A political subdivision of the state shall not enact an ordinance regulating the ownership, possession, legal transfer, lawful transportation, registration, or licensing of firearms when the ownership, possession, transfer, or transportation is otherwise lawful under the laws of this state
State permit required to purchase?NoYes724.15Permit To Carry may be used in lieu of Permit to Acquire when purchasing a handgun
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYes724.4Iowa is a 'shall issue' state. An Iowa carry permit is technically a 'Permit To Carry Weapons', and is not limited to firearms. It allows people in Iowa to open or conceal carry any kind of weapon, so long as that weapon is not otherwise illegal to own in Iowa. However, based on the current wording of the statute, state preemption only applies to firearms. As such, residents are advised to be aware of local ordinances that might restrict the possession of knives, swords, or other types of weapons that are not firearms.
Permit required for open carry?YesYes724.7Iowa issues a 'Permit to Carry Weapons' that is necessary to carry a firearm. Firearms may be carried open or concealed. Concealed carry is more typical in Iowa, but open carry is not uncommon.
Castle Doctrine
Yes
704Civil immunity for use of 'reasonable force' in self defense
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?YesYes724.1Machine guns, destructive devices, etc. illegal.

Suppressors legal as of March 31, 2016.[57] Short barreled rifle/shotgun legal as of April 13, 2017.[58]

Background checks required for private sales?NoYes724.15A person acquiring a handgun must have an annual Permit To Acquire pistols or revolvers or a current Permit To Carry.

Kansas[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/ANoKansas Chapter 75 Article 7cAs of July 1, 2013, you may conceal carry in any public area of state and municipal buildings. This encompasses carrying at public universities (schools were allowed to opt out until 2017; post-2017, only buildings with 'adequate security measures' may remain gun-free).

May carry concealed without permit as of July 1, 2015, however permits can be issued for those who wish to have them.

License required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without permit/license.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoThe Second Amendment Protection ActShort barreled shotguns, and machine guns must be registered under the National Firearms Act (NFA).

However, the Second Amendment Protection Act prohibits Kansas police from enforcing the NFA if a personal firearm, a firearm accessory, or ammunition is owned or manufactured commercially or privately in Kansas and remains within the borders of Kansas. A firearm manufactured in Kansas must have the words 'made in Kansas' clearly stamped on a central metallic part, such as the receiver or frame. Federal enforcement is still possible.

Shall Certify?YesYes48-1906Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Kentucky[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesConstitutional carry legal as of June 26 2019.[59]

Kentucky issues permits to carry concealed deadly weapons which allows for the concealed carry of both handguns and long guns.

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License required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without permit/license.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesKRS § 65.870Exception: KRS § 237.115 allows the following entities to restrict concealed carry:
  • Postsecondary educational institutions
  • Any unit of government within the state in buildings that it owns, leases, or occupies – however, concealed carry is allowed in highway rest areas, public housing, and private dwellings
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Shall certify?YesYes237.075Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

How To Check Gun Registration Online

Louisiana[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesLRS 40:1379.3Louisiana is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted without a license, but may be restricted by local governments with laws in place before July 15, 1985.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesLocal restrictions in place before July 15, 1985 are grandfathered in. Parishes may regulate hunting and the shooting of firearms.
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Maine[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANo25 MRS §2003Maine is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry. Constitutional/permitless carry legislation took effect on October 15, 2015.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is permitted.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesLocal governments may restrict the discharge of firearms.
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?No*No12 MRS §11214
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Shall certify?YesYes25 MRSA §2013(3)Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Maryland[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYesMd Public Safety Article Section 5-117.1[60]A Handgun Qualification License is required, unless exempted (Active Duty/Retired Military with identification cards, Active/Retired Law Enforcement with department credentials, Federal Firearms Licensees); training is required, unless exempted; fingerprints are required; background checks are required; does not invalidate the requirement to perform a comprehensive background check for every handgun purchase transaction.[60]
Firearm registration?NoYesThe state police maintain a permanent record of all handgun transfers. Automatic weapons must be registered with the state police.
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesMaryland is a 'may issue' state for concealed carry. Applicants must demonstrate a 'good and substantial reason' to carry a handgun. Permits are normally very difficult (but not impossible) for ordinary citizens to obtain. An applicant may be issued either an unrestricted permit or a permit with varying degrees of restrictions at the discretion of the issuing authority.
Permit required for open carry?NoYesOpen carry is permitted with a carry license, but is not generally practiced except by uniformed private security officers. Long guns and antique handguns may be carried openly without a license.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesMaryland has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?YesYesMd Criminal Law Article Section 4-303
Firearms Safety Act of 2013
Certain models of firearms are banned as assault pistols and assault long guns. It is illegal to possess an assault weapon or a copycat weapon with two or more specified features (folding stock, grenade/flare launcher, flash suppressor) unless owned before 10/1/2013, or received through inheritance from a lawful possessor and not otherwise forbidden to possess.[60]

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to assault weapon laws.[61]

Magazine capacity restriction?YesYesIllegal to purchase, sell or manufacture magazines with a capacity of greater than 10 rounds within Maryland. However, possession of magazines greater than 10 rounds is legal if purchased out of state. These may not, however, be transferred to a subsequent owner unless done so outside the state of Maryland.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoAutomatic firearms, SBSs, and SBRs must be owned in compliance with federal law. Law is silent in regards to DDs, suppressors, and AOWs.
Background checks required for private sales?PartialYesGAM Public Safety, §5-124All private transfers of regulated firearms (handguns or assault weapons) must be processed through a licensed dealer or designated law enforcement agency which must conduct a background check on the buyer.
Red flag law?YesYes[62]

Massachusetts[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?YesYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 129CFirearm Identification (FID) or license to carry required. Permits/FID cards are issued by local police departments. Some issuing authorities (notably Boston) have required an applicant to justify the need for a firearm, and have denied purchase permits/FID cards based on insufficient justification of need. The discretionary issue of purchase permits/FID cards is currently being challenged in the state courts.
Firearm registration?NoNoAlthough registration is not specifically required by law, transfers of firearm ownership are required to be recorded with the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security (EOPSS): by the seller if in state, or by the buyer if out of state. The Massachusetts EOPSS also provides the option to register a firearm, although, other than obtaining a firearm from out of state (a transfer of ownership), this is not required by law.
Owner license required?YesYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 129CFirearm Identification (FID) or license to carry required.
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 131Massachusetts is a 'may issue' state for carry; the issuing authority must provide written explanation for the denial of any application, which is subject to appeal. The issuing authority is the local police chief for most jurisdictions, who has discretion in issuing carry licenses based on an applicant's suitability and stated need. In most jurisdictions, applicants who pass a background check and complete required training are issued licenses, but the issuing authority may impose varying degrees of restriction on the license (e.g., hunting, carry to/from a range, firearms dealer, or gunsmith, only while on-duty (for security professionals), etc.). Towns closer to large cities (like Boston) are de facto restricted, whereas more rural (and some suburban) towns are more inclined to issue unrestricted licenses. Permits are valid statewide, provided the license-holder complies with restrictions (if any) imposed by the issuing authority.
License required for open carry?YesYesAn individual with a Class A unrestricted license to carry firearms (LTC-A) does not have to conceal a handgun or long gun in public. Moreover, in 2013, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the holder of a LTC-A license is not responsible for alarm caused by licensed carry of a handgun, and that a permit cannot be revoked for suitability purposes under these circumstances.[63] If police demand to see the permit, it must be produced, per G.L. c. 140, § 129 (c). Failure to produce a LTC upon demand by law enforcement is probable cause for arrest.
State preemption of local restrictions?NoNoThere is limited preemption for some laws.
Assault weapon law?YesYesA two point 'banned features' system is what defines an assault weapon. These assault weapons are prohibited unless lawfully owned on or prior to September 13, 1994. Firearms that do not have two or more 'banned features' are legal to purchase with an LTC or in some cases a standard FID so long as magazine restrictions are followed to what your license allows.
Magazine Capacity Restriction?YesYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 121Illegal to possess magazines of over 10 rounds capacity. Pre-ban magazines manufactured before September 13, 1994 are exempt from this restriction.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 131Suppressors are restricted only for law enforcement or licensed manufacturers. Some destructive devices are banned at the state level, while others are banned at a local level. DD's can be completely illegal or legal depending on what town you live in. SBR's, SBS's, and AOW's are allowed with proper approval from the ATF. A machine gun license is required to possess a machine gun.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesMA Ch. 140 Sec. 128AThe seller must verify the buyer's Firearm Identification Card with the Department of Criminal Justice Information Services.
Red flag law?YesYesA judge may issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to be at risk of harming themselves or another person.

Michigan[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNot from FFLPermit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer.
Firearm registration?NoYesSome handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement. There are several exceptions, including, but not limited to, police and US citizens holding a concealed pistol license from another state.[64]
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesMCL 28.452bMichigan is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry.
License required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted.[65] Carry in a vehicle requires a license.[66]
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesMCL 123.1102City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms (see MCL 123.1104).
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoShort barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, automatic weapons, AOW's, and silencers/suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law.
Background checks required for private sales?NoYesMCL 28.422aA person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun. A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses.

Minnesota[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYes§624.7131Permit to purchase required to transfer/purchase long guns with a pistol grip and handguns through FFL dealers. A permit to carry also acts as a permit to purchase for Minnesota residents. Traditional rifles and shotguns may be purchased without a permit.
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo§624.7131Persons 18 and older may purchase assault weapons with a permit to purchase (or permit to carry for persons 21 and older).
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYes§624.714Shall Issue. Minnesota Permit to Carry a Pistol required to carry handguns. Concealment is permitted but not required.
Permit required for open carry?YesYes§624.7181Whoever carries a BB gun, rifle, or shotgun on or about the person in a public place is guilty of a gross misdemeanor. A person under the age of 21 who carries a semiautomatic military-style assault weapon on or about their person in public place is guilty of a felony. However, you may carry a pistol or a long gun openly with permit to carry a pistol because, the law states that the prohibition on carrying does not include the carrying of a BB gun, rifle, or shotgun by a person who has a permit under section 624.714.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYes§471.633Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms within their borders.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYes§609.67Machine guns and short-barreled shotguns, unless designated Curios & Relics, are prohibited in most cases. Some destructive devices are prohibited in most cases. Sound suppressors and short barreled rifles are legal.
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYesAny legally possessed gun may be transported in a motor vehicle, provided it is unloaded and cased.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Mississippi[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoCode Sections 95-3-1, 45-9-101, 97-37-7, House Bill 506 of the 2011 Mississippi LegislatureAs of July 1, 2015 the concealed carry law was amended to say 'no license shall be required under this section for a loaded or unloaded pistol or revolver carried in a purse, handbag, satchel, other similar bag or briefcase or fully enclosed case.'[67]

On April 15, 2016, the law was further expanded to include belt and shoulder holsters and sheaths.[68][69] This effectively allows for constitutional carry in Mississippi. However, some forms of concealed carrying would still require a permit (e.g. concealed without a holster, or concealed in an ankle holster).

Licenses still available on a shall-issue basis, issued within 45 days. The license is valid for five years. An enhanced license allows for carrying at public universities and other places.

Concealed carry is not allowed in a regular public 1–12 school, courthouse, police station, detention facility, government meeting place, polling place, establishment primarily devoted to dispensing alcoholic beverages, athletic event, parade or demonstration for which a permit is required, passenger terminal of an airport, 'place of nuisance' as defined in Mississippi Code section 95–3–1, or a location where a sign is posted and clearly visible from at least ten feet away saying that the 'carrying of a pistol or revolver is prohibited'. With an enhanced carry permit per Mississippi Code section 97-37-7(2) as amended by House Bill 506 of the 2011 Regular Session,[70] the prohibited locations to carry concealed are as follows: any police, sheriff or state highway patrol station; any detention facility, prison or jail; courtrooms during a judicial proceeding; any 'place of nuisance'; and (not listed in the Mississippi statutes, but still relevant) any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by federal law. A license to carry a pistol or revolver is not required for open carry. A license is not required for transporting a concealed or visible firearm in a vehicle.

In June 2018, the Mississippi Supreme Court ruled that judges may not prohibit enhanced concealed carry license holders from carrying in and around courthouses as long as they do not enter a courtroom.[71][72][73] On March 14, 2019, a new law was passed to clarify the issue by defining 'courthouse' and 'courtroom'.[74]

Permit required for open carry?NoNoHouse Bill 2 of the 2013 Mississippi LegislatureThe 'HB2' Unlicensed Open Carry Law went into effect July 1, 2013. An injunction, declaring the definition of 'concealed handgun' unconstitutionally vague, was initially put in place by a Circuit Court Judge in Jackson, MS. The injunction was vacated August 29th, 2013 by the Mississippi Supreme Court.[75]
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesNo county or municipality may adopt any ordinance that restricts or requires the possession, transportation, sale, transfer or ownership of firearms or ammunition or their components. However, local governments may regulate the discharge of firearms, the carrying of firearms at a public park or public meeting, or the use of firearms in cases of insurrection, riots and natural disasters.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPermitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYes
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Missouri[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?NoNoMissouri is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry. Permitless carry took effect on January 1, 2017.[76]

Per the RSMo, there is no restriction on the concealed carry of long guns or any other weapons in Missouri.[77]

Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is permitted. As of October 11, 2014, a valid CCW overrides local laws against open carry state wide.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesLocal governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms (except in self defense); however, CCW permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry.[78]
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Peaceable journey law?YesYes
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Montana[edit]

How To Check Gun Registration
Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesMontana 45-8-321Montana is a 'shall issue' state for citizens and permanent lawful residents who are 18 years old. The law was challenged for previously denying non-citizens permits.[79] The lawsuit was put on hold to give the legislature to opportunity to pass a bill to include permanent lawful residents. Such bill was signed by the governor on April 7, 2017.[80]

Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city, town, or logging camp limits.

Permit required for open carry?NoNoMay carry openly without permit/license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesM.C.A 45-8-351Complete state preemption of firearms laws except localities may regulate firearm discharge, the open or concealed carry of firearms to a public assembly, a publicly owned building, a park under its jurisdiction or a school. Localities may also regulate the possession of firearms by felons, minors, illegal aliens, or the mentally incompetent.

A proposed change to the law would limit localities to regulate only open carry and unpermitted concealed carry in publicly owned and occupied buildings only; it was passed by the legislature but will go into effect on January 1, 2021 if approved by the electorate in November 2020.[81]

NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPermitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations.
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYes
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoMissoula enacted a universal background check ordinance in 2016, however Attorney General Tim Fox has opined that the ordinance is unlawful.[82] In October 2018, a state judge ruled that the ordinance is lawful.[83]

Nebraska[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYesNeb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2403A handgun certificate or a concealed carry permit is required for the purchase of a handgun.
Firearm registration?NoNoOmaha, Neb., Code § 20-251 et seq.; Lincoln, Neb., Muni. Code § 9.36.030The City of Omaha requires the registration of all handguns. The City of Lincoln requires reporting of firearms sales other than long guns commonly used for sporting purposes.
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesNebraska is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted, but may be restricted by local governments. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be clearly visible.
State preemption of local restrictions?Yes*Yes*Nebraska has partial state preemption for most but not all firearms laws. Other than discharge ordinances, local firearms ordinances are preempted for individuals who hold a valid Concealed Handgun Permit (CHP). These local ordinances are still enforceable against non-permitholders.
Assault weapon law?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Background checks required for private sales?NoYesNeb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2403A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun certificate or a concealed handgun permit and has therefore been subject to a background check.

Nevada[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNoAs of June 2015, Clark County no longer requires the registration of handguns. There is now state preemption for firearm registration.[84]
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesNevada is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted throughout the state. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm may be anywhere except concealed upon the person without a concealed firearm permit.[85][86]
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesLocal authorities may regulate the discharge of firearms. Handgun registration in Clark County was grandfathered in, until SB175 (signed into law June 2nd, 2015) removed the authority of the county to register handguns in Nevada.[87]
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPossession and ownership of an SBR, SBS, machine gun (selective-fire weapon), or silencer, all NFA items, are subject to federal purview and regulation.[88][89]
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesIn November 2016, Nevada voters approved Ballot Question 1, changing the law to require background checks for private sales.[90] Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt opined that the law is unenforceable.[91][92]

A revised version was signed into law on February 15, 2019 to fix the deficiencies of Question 1. The law is set to go into effect in January 2020.[93][94]

New Hampshire[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNHRS XII §159:14
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/ANoNHRS XII §159:6Constitutional carry legal as of February 22, 2017.[95] Licenses remain available on a Shall-Issue basis for reciprocity purposes.
License required for open carry?NoNoNHRS XII §159:6
NHRS XVIII §207:7
Handgun open carry without license. Loaded long guns prohibited from motor vehicles.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesNHRS XII §159:26Includes knives.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNo
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

New Jersey[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?YesYesA lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns, as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition. A permit to purchase a handgun, valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase. Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30-day period. According to state law, purchase permits/identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall-Issue basis, but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit/ID card. Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards.
Firearm registration?NoYesThe NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit (NJSP FIU) maintains a record of all handgun transfers, except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee, or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state. Firearm registration is voluntary, but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register, there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in-state. Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ. In both dealer purchases and private sales, a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU. A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers.
Owner license required?NoNoNo license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey, except an assault firearm or NFA regulated firearms
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesN.J. Admin. Code § 13:54New Jersey calls its permit a 'permit to carry a handgun' and is a 'may-issue' by law for firearm carry, either openly or concealed, but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace. Permit applicants must 'specify in detail the urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun.' Then it must be approved by both the township's police chief and a NJ judge, whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry. As a result of this tough standard, New Jersey is effectively a 'no issue' state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections. Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only. A letter of need from the security company is required.
Permit required for open carry?NoYesOpen carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty. While it is technically legal to carry long guns with a valid Firearm Purchaser ID card, it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement, except when hunting. One can expect to be detained and questioned in most places if carrying in this manner.
State preemption of local restrictions?NoNoThere is limited state preemption for some firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?YesYesN.J.S.A 2C:39-1[96]New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or 'substantially identical' firearms deemed to be assault firearms, including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled. Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency.
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYesMagazines are limited to 10 rounds for semi-automatic pistols and rifles, and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesN.J.S.A 2C:39-3(a-c)[97]; N.J.S.A 2C:58-5[98]Possession of short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, destructive devices, and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen. Law is silent on AOWs. Possession of a machine gun requires a state license, which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge. Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesPrivate firearm sales require a background check conducted through a federally licensed gun dealer.
Red flag law?YesYesA judge may issue a gun violence restraining order authorizing the police to confiscate a person's firearms if the judge determines that the person poses a significant risk of personal injury to himself or others.

New Mexico[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNew Mexico does not require any permit to purchase a long gun or handgun.[99]
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNoThere are no assault weapon laws.
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNoThere is no magazine capacity restriction.[100]
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesNMSA 29–19–4Shall-issue to full-time and part-time residents (who hold a valid New Mexico ID/Driver's License), with passage of a criminal history check and mental health records check, and completion of 15-hour handgun safety course that includes live-fire instruction. Active military and law enforcement members and veterans honorably discharged within 20 years of permit application are exempt from training requirement.[101] Permit required to carry concealed loaded firearm on foot. No permit needed for open carry, concealed carry of an unloaded firearm, or transport of a loaded firearm either concealed or openly in a vehicle. Unlawfully carrying a concealed firearm is a petty misdemeanor that is punishable by up to 6 months in a county jail and/or a fine of up to $500. Except for active-duty military members and dependents permanently stationed in the state, New Mexico does not issue CHLs to non-residents.
License required for open carry?NoNoIt is legal to open carry a loaded rifle and/or handgun in New Mexico without a permit.[102]
Vehicle carry permitted?YesYesA loaded firearm may be carried/transported either openly or concealed in a vehicle without a permit.
Out-of-state permits recognized?N/APartialNew Mexico recognizes permits from states with reciprocity agreements (currently 24 states).[103]
Duty to Inform?NoNoAlthough not mandated by state law, it is customary in New Mexico to inform law enforcement officials when transporting firearms. Those who are carrying a loaded pistol or revolver concealed while on foot must carry their CHL with them and present it upon demand by law enforcement.
Concealed Carry on College Campuses?NoNoNMSA 29-19-8
NMSA 30-7-2.4
Firearms and ammunition may be stored in a locked vehicle while parked on campus, and may be carried while driving in a vehicle on campus, but may not be carried on foot while on campus property or stored in an on-campus facility. Exceptions exist for university-sponsored shooting events and ROTC programs.[104]
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
State pre-emption of local ordinances?YesYesNMSA 29-19-10As stated in Article 2, Section 6 of the New Mexico Constitution. Tribal laws on Native American reservations not pre-empted. Some tribes recognize New Mexico firearms laws, while others do not and have far more restrictive firearms policies. Additionally, some local jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries.
Castle Doctrine law?YesYesNMSA 30-2-7New Mexico's self-defense statute (NMSA 30-2-7) is vaguely worded and does not specifically address Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground situations.[105] However, Castle Doctrine has been established on a limited basis by a 1946 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling, which states that when a person reasonably feels 'threatened with an attack need not retreat. In the exercise of his right of self defense, he may stand his ground and defend himself.'[106] Currently, the courts have limited the scope of Castle Doctrine/Stand Your Ground to self-defense situations occurring inside the defender's home, and neither law nor court precedence provides the defender immunity from lawsuits by the aggressor arising from the use of lethal force in self-defense. Additionally, judicial precedence in New Mexico has established that the use of lethal force is not justifiable in defense of one's property alone.
Duty to Retreat?NoNo
Opt-Out statute?YesYesNMSA 29–19–12; NMSA 30–14–6; NMAC 10.8.2.27Property owners may prohibit the carrying of firearms onto property they lawfully possess by posting signage or verbally notifying persons upon entering the property. Violating these 'gun-free' establishments is a full misdemeanor punishable by less than one year in the county jail and/or a fine of up to $1,000 (Criminal Trespass - NMSA 30-14-1).
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoOne may travel through or within New Mexico with a loaded weapon in a vehicle. Federal law pre-empts Native American reservation laws. FOPA is observed.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesEffective July 1, 2019. Senate Bill 8, which establishes a requirement for NICS background checks for private-party transfers was signed into law on March 8, 2019. Exceptions will exist for active/retired LEO transfers and transfers between immediate family members.[107][108]

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws.[109]

New York[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYesS 265.20, S 265.01No NYS permit is required for long guns. Handguns require a permit. Permits are issued by County or State Supreme Court judges/justices outside of New York City, Nassau and Suffolk Counties, with a background check. Permits for those wanting to carry concealed are issued on a 'may issue' basis, whereas permits to merely purchase and possess handguns in the home are issued on a 'shall issue' basis. There is an application fee for each permit, as well as an amendment fee for each handgun added to the permit. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
Firearm registration?NoYesS 700.00, S 265.01No registration for long guns. All handguns must be registered under a license. There is a $3 registration fee. Handguns are registered with purchase permit. The serial number and sale is noted down. It is illegal to possess any un-registered firearm. Antique weapons are exempted from this. All handguns must travel in the manner one's license is issued. No record is needed of previously owned handguns with law enforcement. *All rifles classified as assault weapons must be registered with the state by January 15, 2014. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
Owner license required?NoYesS 265.20, S 265.01No license is required for long guns; however, New York State requires a license for handgun ownership. Handgun licenses are normally restricted to three types: residence or business premises permit (must issue generally), Target & Hunting, and Unrestricted Carry. Target and hunting allows carry while engaged in those activities. Unrestricted allows carry at any time. All permits issued outside of New York City are not valid in New York City EXCEPT for retired police and federal law enforcement officers with that status marked on their permit and for armored car guards on duty. The minimum age to be issued a handgun license is 21 unless you are a former or current member of the armed forces or law enforcement. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesS 400.00New York counties, and some police departments, issue pistol licenses on a 'may issue' basis. Discretionary issuance policies vary widely across the state. Generally, it is harder to obtain a license in counties closer to large New York cities. Most counties that aren't a part of downstate New York have shall/reasonable issuance policies, but may administratively restrict time or place of carry (such as only for target shooting or hunting). It is not a crime to carry a weapon under a Target or Hunting permit for other purposes, but if caught or reported the permit will likely be revoked. Concealed carry without any kind of permit must be charged as a felony unless the weapon is unloaded and no ammunition for it is in possession of the person carrying. All permits are valid throughout the state, except in the City of New York, unless validated by the police commissioner of that city, or by armored car guards, retired police officers and retired federal law enforcement officers as specified in the Criminal Procedure Law. NY Penal Law 400 (6). While New York law does not allow issuance of pistol licenses to non-residents, 2013 federal appeals court and State appeals court rulings clarified the residency requirement. This clarification allowed those domiciled outside of the state with a part-time residence in New York to be issued a permit at the discretion of the licensing officer.[110]
Open carry allowed?NoNoS 265.35, S 265.01The law is extremely vague on open carry. Open carry in public is not legal in most instances. While no law specifically bans open carry, a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400. Therefore, pistol permit holders must carry concealed. Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one's own property. Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law, but is generally not practiced. It is illegal however to transport an uncased long gun in a motor vehicle, unless it is in the trunk or a compartment not accessible by anyone inside the vehicle.
Assault weapon law?YesYesS 265.00, S 265.02Possession of assault weapons is prohibited, except for those legally possessed on January 15, 2013 and registered with the state by January 15, 2014 or classified as an antique assault weapon. New York City, Buffalo, Albany, and Rochester have enacted their own assault weapon bans. Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the assault weapons ban.
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYes§ 265.02Magazine size limited to 10 rounds. Law enforcement and retired law enforcement with last service weapon only, are exempt from the 10 round limit. Also exempt are antique high-quality magazines if registered to an associated antique assault weapon. Under the NY SAFE Act (signed on the 15th of January, 2013 by Gov. Andrew Cuomo) the magazine law was changed. A legal provision that mandated no more than 7 rounds that may be loaded into the magazine was struck down by a federal judge on December 31, 2013.
Title II (National Firearms Act) weapons restricted?YesYesS 265.02, S 265.02Ownership of machine guns, suppressors, short-barreled rifles, AOW's and short-barreled shotguns are prohibited to the average citizen. Destructive devices are permitted except for rockets with greater than 3 ounces of propellant, which are prohibited. AOW's disguised as non-firearms are illegal.
Castle Doctrine Law?Yes*Yes*§ 35.20*New York has a castle doctrine law. It allows for the 'use of (non-lethal) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary.' Lethal force is governed under §35.15.
State preemption of local restrictions?NoNoNoneNew York preempts only handgun licensing.[111] Places such as Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws, such as licensing of long guns and 5-round magazine limits.[112][113][114]
Peaceable journey laws?YesYesS 265.10With certain restrictions (see below), most notably magazines are not exempt. FOPA is complied with by police agencies in New York after losing some false arrest lawsuits.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesNY Gen Bus L § 898 (2012)For firearm transfers between private parties, a licensed dealer must conduct a background check, provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police, and keep a record of the transaction.[115]

North Carolina[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYesFor handguns, a Pistol Purchase Permit (issued by the sheriff in the county of one's residence) or a North Carolina issued Concealed Handgun Permit is required. Presenting either of these exempts the buyer from the on-the-spot NICS background check.
Firearm registration?NoNoDurham County formerly required registration of handguns. This was repealed on June 18, 2014. State law now makes it unlawful for any government entity within the state to maintain a firearms registry.
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesNorth Carolina is a 'shall issue' state for Concealed Handgun Permits. An individual must inform a Law Enforcement officer when addressed he/she is carrying a concealed handgun n. (Gen Stat. § 14-415.12A) [116]
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is not specifically limited by state law, but some local governments may have ordinances against openly carried weapons. See state pre-emption section below
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesNorth Carolina has state preemption for most firearm laws.[117]
Assault weapon law?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoAll NFA weapons (Title II weapons) and silencers/suppressors are allowed, as long as federal rules are followed
Shall Certify?YesYesSection 13 (§ 14-409.41)Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?NoYesArticle 52A, § 14-402A person acquiring a handgun must have either a permit to purchase a handgun or a concealed handgun permit. A background check is required to obtain either of these permits.

North Dakota[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/ANoNorth Dakota is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry. Permitless concealed carry (for residents only) effective August 1, 2017. Class 1 & 2 permits will still be available. Permit still required to carry openly.
License required for open carry?NoYesOpen carry of long guns is generally permitted. Open carry of a loaded handgun is permitted only by individuals with a valid concealed weapons license. Non permit holders may carry one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset provided the firearm is unloaded and in plain sight.[118]
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoNFA-compliant automatic firearms must be registered with the county sheriff and the state Bureau of Criminal Investigation. Binary triggers are not considered machine guns.[119]
Shall Certify?YesYes62.1-05Shall certify within 30 days.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Ohio[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNone
Firearm registration?NoNoNone
Assault weapon law?NoNoO.R.C. 2923.11
Owner license required?NoNoNone
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesO.R.C 2923.125Shall Issue – 8 hours of training required, 2 hours of which must include range time. Active duty members of the Armed Forces are exempt from the carry permit requirement.[120]
License required for open carry?NoNoO.R.C. 2923.16May open carry without a permit if 18 years or older. Restrictions in motor vehicle and licensed liquor establishments.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesO.R.C. 9.68Full preemption, affirmed by City of Cleveland v. State of Ohio. Further strengthened by HB 228[121]
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoNFA items are legal if registered in accordance with the NFA.
Shall certify?YesYesO.R.C. 311.43Shall certify within 45 days.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Duty to inform?NoYesO.R.C. 2923.126Any concealed handgun licensee must inform a law enforcement officer immediately upon contact for law enforcement purposes if they are in possession of a loaded handgun. If the licensee is an occupant of a vehicle and there is a loaded handgun in the car, the licensee must also inform the law enforcement officer.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Oklahoma[edit]

Subject/lawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo-Private sales legal, no waiting period.
Firearm registration?NoNoNone
Assault weapon law?NoNoNone
Owner license required?NoNo§21-1273, §21-1276, §21-1283,None
License required for concealed carry?N/AYes§21-1277, §21-1272, §21-1278, §21-1290.5Constitutional carry legal as of November 1, 2019.[122] Concealed carry of loaded handguns permitted; open carry became lawful with permit as of November 1st, 2012. Unlicensed public carry of unloaded handguns and long arms by persons eligible to possess firearms is allowed under some circumstances.
License required for open carry?N/AYes§21-1290Open carry is permitted with a handgun carry license.[123] No license required as of November 1, 2019.[122]
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYes§21-1289.24
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo§21-1289.18Short barreled rifles and shotguns are illegal to possess under state law unless registered under the NFA, ownership and possession of automatic firearms is legal under state law.
Shall Certify?YesYes§21-1289.30Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Oregon[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNoORS 166.412(7)(a)The Oregon State Police maintain a record of firearms sales from FFL holders for a period of 5 years, after which the records are destroyed.
Owner license required?NoNo
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Minimum age to purchase firearms.1821[124]ORS 166.470Oregon law prohibits any person from intentionally selling, delivering, or otherwise transferring any firearm to anyone under 18 years of age (ORS 166.470(1)(a)), except:
  • A parent or guardian, or another person with the consent of the parent or guardian, may transfer a firearm other than a handgun to a minor. (ORS 166.470(3)(a))
  • The temporary transfer of any firearm to a minor for hunting, target practice, or any other lawful purpose. (ORS 166.470(3)(b))
Minors allowed to possess firearms?Yes, with exceptionsYes, with exceptionsORS 166.250Minors may:
  • ..possess a firearm other than a handgun if the firearm was transferred to the minor by the minor’s parent or guardian or by another person with the consent of the minor’s parent. ORS 166.250(2)(a)(A)
  • ..not possess a firearm if they are under 18 years of age, and while a minor, committed the equivalent of an adult felony or a misdemeanor involving violence, within four years of being charged with possession. ORS 166.250(1)(c)
  • ..may also possess any firearm temporarily for hunting, target practice, or any other lawful purpose. ORS 166.250(2)(a)(B) ( and ORS 166.470(3)(b); see above)
Assault weapon law?NoNoNo Oregon state laws define or regulate assault weapons.

Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition.[125]

License required for concealed carry?N/AYesORS 166.291Oregon is a 'shall-issue' state for residents. Technically sheriffs 'may issue' licenses to non-residents of contiguous states; however, in practice most county sheriffs either adopt very restrictive criteria for issuance to non-residents or simply refuse to issue licenses. Carrying of a concealed firearm is prohibited by ORS 166.250, however holders of a valid Concealed Handgun License are exempt from this law. (see ORS 166.260).

In 2011, the Oregon Court of Appeals ruled that public universities no longer have the authority to prohibit firearms on their grounds, however may still prohibit them inside buildings. This effectively legalized campus carry on grounds.

License required for open carry?NoNoOr. Const. Art. I § 27
ORS 166.250(3)
Open carry of firearms is legal statewide without a permit.

However, Oregon law allows a city or county to regulate open carry of loaded firearms in public places, but holders of concealed carry permits are exempt. (ORS 166.173) The cities of Portland,[126] Beaverton,[127] Tigard,[128] Oregon City,[129] Salem,[130] and Independence,[131] as well as Multnomah County,[132] have statutes which do not allow open carry of loaded firearms (unless one has a concealed carry permit).

State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesOr. Const. Art. I § 27
ORS 166.170
The authority to regulate the sale, acquisition, transfer, ownership, possession, storage, transportation, or use of firearms or any element relating to firearms and firearm components, including ammunition, is vested solely in the State Legislative Assembly.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoORS 166.272Possession of NFA restricted firearms and non-firearm items is legal, but owners must comply with the NFA regulations. (ORS 166.272(3))
Peaceable journey laws?YesYes
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The State of Oregon recognizes federal law, Title 18 U.S. Code § 926A
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesSB941 (2015)Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed firearm dealer while both parties are present. The dealer is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale.
Red flag law?YesYesOr. Law Chp. 737 (2017)If a person appears to be in imminent danger of hurting themselves or another person, a police officer or a member of the person's family or household may petition the court for a one-year order that would prohibit the person from possessing a deadly weapon.

Pennsylvania[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoPartial18 Pa.C.S. § 6111.418 Pa.C.S. § 6111.4 forbids the government from creating a firearm registry. Nevertheless, all handgun buyers in the state must undergo a PICS check at the point of sale, a record of which is maintained by the state police in a 'sales database'. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that this is legal under the aforementioned statue, as it is not a comprehensive record of all handgun ownership within the state — gun owners moving into the state are not required to register their firearms.
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYes18 Pa.C.S. § 6109License to Carry Firearms issued on a 'shall-issue' basis. A LTCF is required to carry a firearm concealed on one's person, in a vehicle, or during a declared state of emergency.
License required for open carry?NoNoUnlicensed open-carry, except license required in Philadelphia (City of the First Class) and when within a vehicle.
Castle Law/Stand Your Ground?YesYes[5]Castle Law. No duty to retreat inside castle. No duty to retreat outside castle if confronted with a deadly weapon or an object that appears to be one in a place where the person has a right to be.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes18 Pa.C.S. § 6120
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Peaceable Journey laws?YesYes[6]Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if in possession of a valid carry permit from any state. Otherwise, federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoYesAll private party transfers of handguns must be processed through a licensed dealer, or at a county sheriff's office. In either case a background check is required.

Rhode Island[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–35All purchasers of handguns must complete and pass a safety exam managed by the RI Department of Environmental Management, at which time they will receive a DEM issued 'blue card' allowing purchase. Exempt are active duty military members, active and retired law enforcement officers, correctional officers, and persons licensed to carry a concealed firearm by RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–11.[133]
Firearm registration?NoNoRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–41
Assault weapon law?NoNoNone
Owner license required?NoNoNone
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–11
RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–18
Rhode Island is a hybrid 'shall issue' and 'may issue' state for carry. Licenses may be granted either by local authorities or by the state's attorney general's office. Licenses granted by local authorities are 'shall issue' while those issued by the attorney general's officer are 'may issue' under state law. Until recently, most local authorities had been deferring to the attorney general which effectively blocks most issuance, unless one is a retired LEO.

The practice of not issuing permits on a true 'shall issue' basis has been the subject of recent litigation. In April 2015, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has ruled that a police chief must accept and review carry permit applications and must render a decision and the reasons for that decision. More significantly, the court ruled that the issuing authority must 'show cause' for denying an applicant a carry license.[134]

Permits issued by local authorities and the Attorney General's office are valid for concealed carry statewide.

License required for open carry?NoYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–18Open carry of handguns is permitted for only those with a carry permit issued by the attorney general. Open carry not permitted for those whose handgun carry permits were issued by local authorities. Long gun open carry with or without a permit is not prohibited by law.
Vehicle carry?NoYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8Permitted with a valid Rhode Island Handgun Carry Permit. Non-residents may carry in a vehicle with a valid concealed carry permit issued by another state while traveling through Rhode Island without any intent to stop while in the state.
Out-of-state permits recognized?NoVehicle carry onlyNone
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–58
Castle Doctrine Law?YesYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–8–8No duty to retreat if you are in your home
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8
RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–20
It is a violation of state law to possess any NFA weapon or silencers with the exception of Class III FFLs.
Peaceable Journey laws?NoYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8One may possess a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle without a RI permit as long as one possesses a carry permit from another state and is merely transiting through Rhode Island without any unnecessary stops. Long guns must be unloaded in a vehicle. FOPA is observed.
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesFor all firearm transfers, the buyer must pass a background check.
Red flag law?YesYesThe police may petition the Superior Court to issue an extreme risk protection order if they receive credible information of a significant and imminent risk. A judge may issue a temporary gun-removal order, but a hearing is required within 14 days to determine if a one-year ban on buying or possessing a firearm is warranted.
Waiting period?YesYesRI Gen. Stat. 11–47–35After purchasing a firearm, the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 7 days.

South Carolina[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesSC Code 23-31-210South Carolina is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?NoN/AOpen carry of a handgun is prohibited.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesSC Code 23-31-510'No governing body of any county, municipality, or other political subdivision in the State may enact or promulgate any regulation or ordinance that regulates or attempts to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, carrying, transportation, ammunition, components, or any combination of these things'
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoSC Code 16-23-210 through 16-23-250Permitted if registered in accordance with federal laws. State law makes possession, storage, and transfer illegal but then grants an exception for 'any person authorized to possess these weapons by the United States Department of the Treasury; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; or any other federal agency empowered to grant this authorization'.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

South Dakota[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesSD 23-7-7South Dakota is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry. Permitless carry will become legal on July 1, 2019.[135]
Permit required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally permitted. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be clearly visible.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Tennessee[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoNoneNo
Firearm registration?NoNoNoneNo
Assault weapon law?NoNoNoneNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNoNoneNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesT.C.A. § 39-17-1351[136]Permits are 'shall-issue'. Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit.

As of July 1, 2014, due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law, a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit.[137]

As of July 1, 2017, persons who can legally possess/purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[138][139]

Permit required for open carry?N/AYesT.C.A. § 39-17-1307
T.C.A. § 39-17-1308[136]
Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry. Long guns may only be carried unloaded.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesT.C.A. § 39-17-1314[136]State preemption per T.C.A. § 39-17-1314(a).[136] Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39-17-1359[136] to prohibit carry on government property. Local government may not, however, prohibit firearms in locally owned/operated parks and other recreational areas.[140]
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoNoneOn July 1, 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect.
Shall Certify?YesYesT.C.A. § 39-17-1361Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoNoneFederal rules observed.
Self-defense lawYesYesT.C.A. § 39-11-611[136]There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force, as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in. It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence, business, dwelling or vehicle.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNoNone

Texas[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesGC Ch. 411.172[141]Licensed carry of a handgun requires a 'shall-issue' license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are 'chemically dependent' or 'incapable of exercising sound judgment', and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
License required for open carry?NoYesPC 46.02Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner 'calculated to cause alarm.'
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus?NoYesMay carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.

Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as 'gun free zones'; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesLGC §229.001.State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPC 46.01, PC 46.05Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that 'explosive weapons', 'machine guns', 'short-barrel firearms', and 'firearm silencers', as defined in Section 46.01, be 'registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice'. Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called 'registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act' a 'defense to prosecution'.[142]
Peaceable journey laws?YesYesPC 46.02, PC 46.15A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?YesYesPC 9.32A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Utah[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault Weapons law?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesUT 53-05-704Carry of a loaded firearm or concealed firearm allowed with a shall-issue permit. May carry loaded handgun in vehicle without permit; loaded long guns in vehicles prohibited.

As of 2004, may carry at public universities.

Permit required for open carry?NoYesOpen carry of firearm without a permit is allowed as long as the gun is at least two actions from being fired, e.g. 1) rack the slide to chamber, and 2) pull the trigger; or must carry with no bullet in the next chamber in a revolver, so have to pull the trigger twice to fire.

Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit.

State preemption of local restrictions?YesYesMunicipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoPossession of NFA firearms in violation of federal law is a third degree felony under state law. However, possession and ownership of NFA firearms and items is legal under state law if federal requirements and laws are followed.
Shall certify?YesYes53-5a-104Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable Journey law?YesYes76-10-523Persons exempt from weapons laws.

'(g) a nonresident traveling in or through the state, provided that any firearm is: (i) unloaded; and (ii) securely encased as defined in Section 76-10-501.' Handguns may be loaded in any vehicle under the person's control.

Castle Doctrine law?YesYes76-2-405Force in defense of habitation.

'(1) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation; however, he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if: (a) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner, surreptitiously, or by stealth, and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person, dwelling, or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence; or (b) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony. (2) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force, or in a violent and tumultuous manner, or surreptitiously or by stealth, or for the purpose of committing a felony.'

Stand Your Ground law?YesYes76-2-402Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined.

'(1) (a) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person's imminent use of unlawful force. (b) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person's imminent use of unlawful force, or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony.'

Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Vermont[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNoMust be 21 to purchase any firearm. May purchase at 18 if one has passed an approved hunter safety course.[143][144]
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine restriction?YesYesA gun control bill, passed on March 30, 2018, bans sale of magazines of more than 10 rounds for long guns and 15 rounds for pistols.[145] It was signed by Governor Scott on April 11.
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoVermont Firearm LawsMay carry open or concealed without permit as long as you are a citizen of the U.S. or a lawfully admitted alien, and not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms under state or federal law.
Permit required for open carry?NoNo
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes
NFA weapons restricted?NoNoVermont legalized suppressors on June 17, 2015.[146]
Background checks required for private sales?YesYes[143]
Red flag law?YesYes[143]

Virginia[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo§ 18.2-295Fully automatic firearms (machine guns) are required to be registered with the state police.
Owner license required?NoNoProof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of 'assault weapons'.
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYes§ 18.2-308Virginia is a 'shall issue' state for concealed carry. Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person.


In a vehicle, a firearm is exempt from the requirement for a concealed carry permit if the firearm is 'properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle' (ie glove box, center console, trunk, etc). The container/compartment does not have to be locked, the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger, and the firearm may be loaded.[147] This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms 'at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises.'[148] Furthermore, a 'county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport, possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street, road, or highway within such locality.' However, this does not 'apply to duly authorized law-enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties, nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business.'

Permit required for open carry?NoNo§ 15.2-915.2

§ 18.2-287.4
§ 18.2-282

Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older. The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of 'assault weapons' (any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds: the Cities of Alexandria, Chesapeake, Fairfax, Falls Church, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond, and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Henrico, Loudoun, and Prince William. These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders. Stated differently, you may open carry an assault weapon/shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations, but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia.


In a vehicle, a firearm may be considered 'openly carried' if the firearm is openly visible, though this is not as well established as the 'secured in a container/compartment' rule mentioned above.

State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes§ 15.2-915Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?YesYes§ 18.2-308.2:2
Proof of age (18+ for long arms, 21+ for pistols) and proof of citizenship (or permanent residence license) are required for the purchase of 'assault weapons'. 'Assault weapons' are defined as a semi-automatic, centerfire, firearm equipped with a folding stock, or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds, or capable of accommodating a silencer/suppressor.
Magazine restriction?NoNo§ 18.2-287.4
Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but, they make the firearm an 'assault weapon', subject to law accordingly.
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo§ 18.2-308.8
§ 18.2-308.5
§ 18.2-295
Fully automatic firearms (machine guns) must be registered with the state police. Plastic firearms and some destructive devices (such as the striker 12 shotgun) are prohibited outside law enforcement. SBS, SBR, AOWs, and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Washington[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRevised Code of WashingtonNotes
State permit required to purchase?PartialNoMust be 21 to purchase a pistol or semiautomatic rifle; Starting July 1st, 2019 purchase of a semiautomatic rifle will require that the purchaser provides proof that they have completed a recognized firearm safety training program in the last five years.[149]
Firearm registration?NoPartialRetail dealers must record and report all retail pistol sales to local police/sheriff and to state department of licensing, and must record and report all semiautomatic rifle sales after July 1st, 2019.[150]
Owner license required?NoNo
Constitutional Right to Bear Arms?YesYesWA Constitution art. 1 sec. 24
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesWashington is a 'shall-issue' state and will grant concealed carry permits to all applicants who meet the criteria. There are no training requirements.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoRCW 09.41.050 (in vehicle)Open carry is lawful in Washington without any permit. Open carry of a loaded handgun in a vehicle is legal only with a concealed pistol license. Open carry of a loaded long gun in a vehicle is illegal, regardless of CPL possession.

On January 31, 2019, the Washington Court of Appeals ruled that the mere possession of a handgun is not sufficient for conducting a Terry stop.[151]

State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYesState law does not allow more restrictive local laws.

Seattle and Edmonds have passed ordinances mandating safe storage of firearms when not being carried or used. Seattle's ordinance also has reporting requirement for lost or stolen firearms within 24 hours. Both cities are being sued for violation of state preemption.[152][153]

Assault weapons law?YesYesAdditionally, I-1639 was passed by voters in November 2018, redefining all semiautomatic rifles as 'semiautomatic assault rifles.' Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition.[154]
Magazine capacity restrictions?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?PartialPartialMachine guns and short-barreled shotguns—unless purchased before July 1, 1994—are illegal for non-law-enforcement possession. Suppressors,destructive devices and any other weapons are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with ATF. Short barreled rifles are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with the ATF, as of June 12, 2014.[155]
Peaceable Journey laws?NoNoFederal travel-with-a-firearm laws apply. Some out-of-state CCW licenses valid, otherwise carry must be open or, in a vehicle, unloaded.
Castle Doctrine / Stand your ground law?Not defined - de factoRCW 9A.16.050, RCW 9A.16.110The Washington State Supreme Court ruled 'that there is no duty to retreat when a person is assaulted in a place where he or she has a right to be.'[156][157]
Background checks required for private sales?YesYesInitiative 594 (2014)Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale, unless one of the specifically enumerated exceptions in RCW 9.41.113.[158]
Red flag law?YesYesThe police may temporarily take guns away from people a judge deems a threat to themselves or others without notice to the defendant. If the defendant does not appear to request the restrictions be lifted, they will remain in place.[159]

West Virginia[edit]

Subject/LawLong GunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
License required for concealed carry?N/ANo§61-7-4As of May 24, 2016,[160] West Virginia became a constitutional carry state. Any person 21 years or older who is legally able to own a handgun may carry the weapon concealed without the need of obtaining a permit. A permit is required for individuals 18-20 years old who wish to carry a handgun concealed. Carry permits are still issued on a 'shall issue' basis to anyone who would like one for reciprocity purposes. As of October 2016, there are 37 states that recognize WV permits for those 21 years or older, and of those 35 states, 16 recognize WV permits issued to persons 18 years or older. Note: 2 of the 37 states don't officially recognize the WV permit, but are constitutional carry states, so no permit is required.[161][162]
License required for open carry?NoNoOpen carry is generally allowed without a permit.
State preemption of local restrictions?YesYes§8-12-5aPursuant to The Enrolled Public Act of Senate Bill 317 by The West Virginia Legislature, as Signed into Law by Governor Tomblin, The Amended Provisions of West Virginia Code Section 8-12-5a(a) Preempt and Preclude Municipalities from Regulating: '..The Carry[ing] of any Revolver, Pistol, Rifle, or Shotgun'. As a Result, a Municipality may no longer Prohibit Open Carry of a Firearm within its Jurisdictional Limits.
Assault weapon law?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Shall Certify?YesYes§61-7-16Shall certify within 30 days.
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

Wisconsin[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
Constitutional right to bear armsYes1:25'The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose.'
State preemption of local restrictions?Yes66.0409
State permit required to purchase?NoNo175.35
License required for concealed carry?N/AYes175.60Permit is given on a shall-issue basis. Concealed carry of knives (not intended for use as weapons) is legal without a permit.

Campus carry is allowed, but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted.

License required for open carry?NoNo947.01 66.0409Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license.
Owner license required?NoNo941.29
Castle Doctrine/Self Defense StatutesYes895.62Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home, with conditions and exceptions
939.48No duty to retreat in the 'dwelling' or owned/operated place of business. No deadly force solely to protect property. 3rd party protection. If attack is provoked, self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm. If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted.
940.01'the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt'
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restrictions?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo941.298Machine guns allowed, but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively. Suppressors, SBR, and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed, otherwise felony.
Background checks required for private sales?No

Wyoming[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
State permit required to purchase?NoNo
Firearm registration?NoNo
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine Capacity Restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?NoNo
Permit required for concealed carry?N/ANoResidents may carry open or concealed without a permit however, permits are issued on a shall-issue basis to those who wish to have them. Non-residents are required to have a CCW permit from a state Wyoming recognizes if they wish to carry concealed.
Permit required for open carry?NoNoNo permit required for both residents and non-residents.
State Preemption of local restrictions?YesYes
NFA weapons restricted?NoNo
Background checks required for private sales?NoNo

US Territories[edit]

American Samoa[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesN/AA license is required to possess or import long guns or ammunition. Handguns are prohibited for civilian possession despite D.C. v Heller and McDonald v Chicago.
Firearm registration?YesYesAll firearms must be registered with the American Samoa Public Safety Department.
Assault weapon law?NoNoAll handguns and centerfire firearms banned; Only 12, 16, 20 and 410 gauge shotguns and shotgun shells and 22 caliber rifles and their ammunitions are allowed
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Concealed carry allowed?N/ANoConcealed carry is illegal.
License required for open carry?YesYesOpen carry is legal for holders of a valid License to Possess which are required to purchase and possess firearms;[163] though Licenses to Possess have been restricted to only shotguns and rimfire rifles since 1991, effectively banning handguns.[164] Licenses issued for handguns and other firearms prior to 1991 are grandfathered as long as they remain valid.[165]
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesExplosive weapons, machine guns, gas guns, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers are prohibited.[166]
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal law (FOPA) applies.

Guam[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant StatutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesYes60103, 60106FOID required.
Owner License RequiredYesYes60106
Firearm registration?YesYes60110
License required for concealed carry?N/AYes60109Shall Issue. Bill 296-32 passed by legislature for shall issue,[167] signed by Governor.[168]
License required for open carry?YesYesFOID required.[169]
Assault weapon lawNoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesSBR, SBS, Machine guns, and silencers are prohibited. Destructive devices and AOW's are legal with NFA tax stamp.
Castle law
Yes[170]


Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesYesA license is required to purchase guns or ammunition.
Firearm registration?NoNoRegistration of firearms has been ruled unconstitutional.[171][172]
Assault weapon law?NoNoBan on assault weapons was ruled unconstitutional.[171][172]
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYesNo magazines over 10 rounds.[173]
Concealed carry allowed?N/ANoConcealed carry remains illegal.
License required for open carry?N/ANoThe general ban on carrying operable firearms in public was ruled unconstitutional. Lawful gun owners may carry loaded handguns openly as long as other laws are not violated, such as gun-free zones.[171][172]
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesShort barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, machine guns, suppressors, and grenade launchers are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal law (FOPA) applies.

Puerto Rico[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesYesFirearms purchases are subject to the requirements of US federal law
Firearm registration?YesYes
Assault weapon law?NoNo
Magazine capacity restriction?NoNo
Owner license required?YesYes
Permit required for concealed carry?N/AYesMay-Issue according to law, but permits are rarely granted to ordinary citizens. Unrestricted concealed carry was technically allowed from June 20, 2015 to October 31, 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico's restrictive gun laws. The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court, which reversed the lower court's decision. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case, effectively restoring Puerto Rico's restrictive permitting policy for concealed carry.[174]
Open carry allowed?NoNoPermitless open carry was technically allowed from June 20, 2015 to November 16, 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico's restrictive gun laws. The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court, which reversed the lower court's decision on November 16, 2016. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court has declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case, effectively restoring Puerto Rico's ban on open carry.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesAutomatic firearms, short barreled shotguns, and silencers are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal law (FOPA) applies.

U.S. Virgin Islands[edit]

Subject/LawLong gunsHandgunsRelevant statutesNotes
Permit required to purchase?YesYesA license is required to purchase any firearm or ammunition.
Firearm registration?YesYesAll firearms must be registered with the Virgin Islands Police Department.
Assault weapon law?YesYesAssault weapons and .50 BMG rifles prohibited.
Magazine capacity restriction?YesYes
License required for concealed carry?N/AYesThe territory currently has a 'may issue' policy for concealed carry permits. To obtain one, the applicant must meet a stringent set of requirements, so few people receive permits.
Open carry allowed?NoNoOpen carry is prohibited.
NFA weapons restricted?YesYesAutomatic firearms and short barreled shotguns are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?NoNoFederal law (FOPA) applies.

See also[edit]

Note: Please see many links in the box at the top of the page called 'Firearm legal topics of the United States of America'.

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state&oldid=898140746'

ATF’s National Tracing Center (NTC) is the only organization authorized to trace U.S. and foreign manufactured firearms for international, federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies. Its purpose is to provide investigative leads in the fight against violent crime and terrorism and to enhance public safety.

Firearms Tracing

Firearms tracing is the systematic tracking of the movement of a firearms recovered by law enforcement officials from its first sale by the manufacturer or importer through the distribution chain (wholesaler/retailer) to the first retail purchaser. Comprehensive firearms tracing is the routine tracing of every crime gun recovered within a geographic area or specific law enforcement jurisdiction.

eTrace

eTrace is a paperless firearm trace submission system that is readily accessible through the internet that provides the necessary utilities for submitting, retrieving, storing, and querying all firearms trace related information relative to the requestor’s agency. For more information about eTrace, contact the ATF’s National Tracing Center at 1-800-788-7133, extension 01540 or visit the eTrace Homepage to access your account.

Services of the NTC

Firearms trace requests may be submitted to any law enforcement agency in the course of a bona fide criminal investigation. Trace request forms (ATF F 3312.1, National Tracing Center Trace Request) are available online or by contacting the ATF National Tracing Center at 1-800-788-7133.

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